Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The executives Information Systems - Essay Example Also, computer generated reality applies the utilization of head mounted presentation that quickens drenching and kills any type of impedance from this present reality. Eminently, expanded reality join the utilization of genuine pictures and the three significant showcase methods, not at all like the computer generated experience that shows realistic data on handheld presentation and physical items (Viega, 2010). Question # 2 The increased the truth is more speaking to the advertisers than computer generated reality, since about everybody has just experienced it, and is valuing its application. Besides, it very well may be applied in various business fields including sports and games, picture guided medical procedure in clinical strategies, promoting among different enterprises parts. Also, markers favor AR innovation since it very well may be controlled to create intriguing pictures for fascinating advertising particularly the telephone applications (Maclntosh, 2010). Question # 3 T he enlarged reality has discovered its appropriateness in the land showcasing since it promptly benefits land data and postings utilizing telephone applications. Additionally, the joined telephone applications are anything but difficult to use by the telephone clients for example in finding a land. Furthermore, the AR innovation has made it simple to utilize little photos that can without much of a stretch be fused in the telephone applications demonstrating the highlights of the land or the genuine property. Other than the referenced uses of AR innovation, it very well may be utilized as maps fusing courses inside an area of the city, gallery. Besides, it very well may be utilized in the lodging business ad (Maclntosh, 2010). Reference Maclntosh R. S. (2010). â€Å"Portable Real Estate Listings with a Difference, â€Å"United States, NY: The New York Times. Viega A. (2010). â€Å"Augmented Reality For Real Estate Search,’ NY: Associated Press. Intuitive Session: Managemen t, â€Å"Piloting Valero with Real Time Management† Question # 1 The supervisory crew needs to address a few issues before building up the Valero’s dashboard. Among the issues is the manner by which proficient the dashboard will aid the administration of the association (Henderson, 2009). What number of directors will the dashboards profited in their workplaces? In addition, if the dashboard is to be benefited to general society, will the organization records remain spare? Moreover, will the dashboard bargain nature of creation? Question # 2 The accessibility of the dashboard in the remote regions of the association makes it feasible for any type of disintegration of value in the refining procedure to be handily recognized and remedial measure taken as quickly as time permits (Kahn, 2010). Besides, the dashboard rapidly uncovers the event of any creation quantifies along these lines snappy remedial estimates taken not at all like endeavor manual activity to the plant i n figuring out where the issue may have developed. Question # 3 Since the dashboards are to be isolated, every dashboard will just need to show certain data. For quality execution, the refining dashboard may be required to show certain data for quality execution. The refining dashboard shows the data including history of creation and the current creation information (Kahn, 2010). This would encourage examination along these lines quality evaluation and

The history of Olavinlinna Castle in Finland.

The historical backdrop of Olavinlinna Castle in Finland. Olavinlinna CastleOlavinlinna palace is situated in Finland. It is close to the town of Savonlinna, which numerous individuals befuddle to be a piece of it. The palace is found in the southeastern piece of Finland. The manor is inside the quick waterway of KyrâÆ'â ¶nsalmi, (it is encompass by water on three sides).Olavinlinna was made in 1475 by Erik Axelsson Tott. He was a Danish knight in the fifteenth century. He named his mansion Olavinlinna after the supporter holy person everything being equal, St. Olaf. St. Olaf was an eleventh century crusader from Norway. He was one of the more well known crusaders of his time. Erik was conceived during the year 1430. His dad's name was Axel Ericsson KURCK. His mom's name was Christina Somme Abrahamsson.The history of Olavinlinna extends over a genuinely wide scope of time. It was first worked in 1475 to repulse assaults from the east and to assume greater responsibility for the Savo locale for the Swedish Crown.Olavinlinna in Savonlinna, Finland Suomi: Olavinli...There were never any assaults from the east. Olavinlinna filled in as a Swedish eastern outskirt until the beginning of the eighteenth century. At the point when the Great Northern War broke out, Olavinlinna battled yet inevitably needed to give up to the Russians during the year 1714. The stronghold needed to give up in light of the fact that there was no food left or weapons left in the château. The Russian control was over by 1721 when a harmony arrangement moved the fringe with the goal that the Swedes could have their manor back. After the harmony arrangement of Turku the Russians recovered the mansion and it was still under military use until 1809. The Russians despite everything remained in the mansion until the year1847. At that point in the 1850's Olavinlinna filled in as a jail in Finland. During the 1860's two flames broke out and caused significant harm.

Powerful Persuasive Essay Topics

Powerful Persuasive Essay TopicsThere are many more ways to make persuasive essays but writing a strong persuasive essay topics is the best and the most effective method. In fact, it is one of the best methods, which you can implement as an essay topic. Here are some tips on how to do that.In order to make a persuasive essay topics that will be effective, you have to make sure that you can effectively communicate your message. For that, you must be able to express your thoughts clearly, accurately, and persuasively. Now, that's where the effective persuasive essay topic comes in, and this is where you must focus on.Now, that is something that most people do not understand. Most people focus on writing the material, but forget to focus on the message that they want to convey. In fact, persuasive essay topics that are written by people who focus on making the material effective, doesn't really matter if they do not have the ability to express the message clearly. This is because most p eople lack the ability to make a strong persuasive essay topics.Now, that is the kind of things that makes it impossible for most people to write persuasive essay topics. This is why we must focus on these points. The point here is that we cannot emphasize strongly on a point, if we don't really know what that point is. You see, in order to be able to present the right impression on the audience, you must first have a clear picture of the subject.Once you've got that picture, you need to get in touch with the audience. After you've gotten them into contact with you, you can then formulate the point that you want to relay. After you've relayed your message, the audience must agree with it.Now, this is where most people fail, and when it comes to making persuasive essay topics, the most common mistake that most people make is that they try to rush through the process. They start working on the material, and they usually give up when they get no results, which is the first thing that t hey need to avoid doing.Yes, this is a common mistake that most people make when they are trying to make persuasive essay topics. If you want to make the best possible persuasive essay topics, then you must get in touch with the audience and then build rapport with them. That is the only way that you can make effective persuasive essay topics.Now, this is something that most people do not do, but they should be able to get into contact with the audience in order to make the most persuasive essay topics possible. If you are not familiar with getting in touch with the audience, then you can consult a professional.

Are Facial Expressions Universal Essays - 993 Words

It has happened to all of us at some point in our lives. You procrastinated for too long and didnt get time to do an important project. Youve missed a deadline for that newspaper article that was supposed to be on the front page. You forgot your brother’s birthday party. You know that the people that you let down are not going to be happy. They could also possibly be mad. The next time you see them, they don’t immediately call you out on it but you can tell from their faces that they are angry. But how can you tell this? How can you really tell if someone is angry, upset, or happy? The answer is that from a young age, human beings have learned how to tell someone’s emotional being from his or her facial expressions. Now here is the big†¦show more content†¦The idea of facial expressions indicating emotions was first brought up in the 1800s. Charles Darwin, regarded as The Father of the theory of Evolution, theorized that facial expressions were universal . In other words, he felt that people showed their emotion in the same way, regardless of ethnicity or culture. At this time, and for many years after, many psychologists felt like this was not the case and that facial expressions were culture-specific. This, they believed that each culture had its own way of expressing basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust. However, in the 1960s, two psychologists named Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen began to wonder if Darwins theory was indeed correct. These psychologists traveled to Papua, New Guinea to undergo a study with the Fore tribe. This tribe was a pre-literate and isolated culture. The results showed that the six basic emotions (anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, and fearful) were universally recognized by this tribe. The tribe looked at an image of a facial expression and easily determined the emotion being displayed. Ekman believed that facial expressions evolved as a way to shown how someone feels and also indicate future actions. For example, an angry facial expression may indicate that the expresser is going to attack. Still, the question remains whether facial expressions universally show certain emotions and is a highly controversial issue in the field of psychology. There areShow MoreRelatedCulture Reveals A Flexible System For Face Processing Case Study769 Words   |  4 Pagesand eye mapping laboratory, Caldara has concluded that how facial expressions are perceived vary between Eastern and Western cultures despite the universal opinion that facial expressions are homogenous. The numerous studies he has collaborated on suggest that the decoding of emotions depends heavily on the observer’s cultural background. More specifically, when observing a face and attempting to an interpret someone’s facial expression, Westerners’ gazes tend to focus on specific regions, especiallyRead MoreA Foundation For Studying Emotional Psychology972 Words   |  4 Pagesconducted by Crivelli, Jarillo, Russell, Fernà ¡ndez-Dols (2016) is to challenge the authenticity of the universality thesis. Their intention is to question whether facial expressions used to signal different emotions are universally comprehended. Therefore, do all human be ings signal certain emotions with the same, universal, facial expression? The studies conducted regarding the universality thesis were used as a foundation for studying emotional psychology. Making it extremely relevant to question suchRead More Body Language: Cultural or Universal? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesinnate and thus universal. The nature versus nurture dichotomy inherent in this debate is false; one does not preclude the other’s influence. Rather researchers should seek to address the question how much of nonverbal communication is innate and how much is culturally defined? Are there any true universal nonverbal cues or just universal tendencies modified to suit cultural ideals and constraints? It is my proposal that of all forms of nonverbal communication the most universal is the communicationRead MoreEmotion And Emotion Of Non Verbal Communication1642 Words   |  7 PagesAccurately Recognize Emotion in Facial Expressions Non-verbal communication is a subtle but crucial way in which humans communicate their emotions and moods, that may determine certain social interactions or not, depending on how others perceive you. A wealth of research suggests that most humans can decipher between the universal facial expressions and infer emotions through them, which is a critical aspect of our daily lives. This study investigated emotion recognition in facial processing from viewingRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication744 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the areas studied in psychology is the use of Non-Verbal Communication (NVC). According to the Collins dictionary, this is defined as ‘those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve communication, but which may include non-verbal aspects of speech itself (accent, tone of voice, speed of speaking, etc)’. Used daily by humans and animals (Darwin 1972), NVC has a strong link to innate fa ctors, and messages are sent unconsciously to the listener. ThroughRead MoreNonverbal Behavior And Body Language954 Words   |  4 Pagesto many experts in this field, such as James C. McCroskey and Virginia P. Richmond, the authors of Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations, body language makes a huge difference in our daily communication. For example, the way we pose, the expressions on our face, and even the tone of our speech, which are all nonverbal communication methods, change the volume of speech and thus have various impacts on the overall communication. Almost half of our communications involves people’s use of bodyRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagescultures is commonplace, but having the ability to associate nonverbal communication with a specific culture can help one engage in efficient cross-cultural communication. Kinesics refers to the study of body movements such as posture, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact. According to Hall and Knapp, â€Å"microanalytic studies have shown that a person’s body movement is closely synchronized with their speech, a phenomenon often referred to as self-synchrony† (Hall and Knapp, 2013: 208). KinesicsRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication varies based on a person’s cultural background, more so in the individualism-collectivism dimension. Additionally, studies have indicated that intercultural diversities in how verbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to be taught to express their feeling via clear indications, although those fromRead Morenonverbal communication Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesPark. Others may spread the word through ministry, poetry, or sculpting. In general, there are many ways people can communicate with each other. The number one way of communicating is verbal. People might think that nonverbal communication is universal, but it’s not. There are multiple times when people use alternative methods of communication. Most of the time people are communicating when they don’t even know it. For instance, a job interview deals with a lot of communication and differentRead MoreNowadays The Study Of Emotion Is One Of The Most Complex1286 Words   |  6 Pagesadaptive, generating appropriate behaviour to aid survival, as well as universal, cross-cultural and cross- species. This was later proven right by Ekman (1972) proposing six basic, universal emotions: joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. The ability to accurately read the emotional facial expressions of others is fundamental to successful human int eraction. Blair (2003) suggested that emotional facial expressions evolved in order to allow communication via external representation of

The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and...

The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to its geographical location, Ancient Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of riches, providing the main mode of transportation for trade and travel. This paper will examine Ancient Egypt’s relation with the Nile River and the trade and commerce that secured it as one of the greatest nations in history (Baines, 2002). The Ancient†¦show more content†¦This surplus flowed into the Egyptian economy boosting manufacturing, mining, warfare, and taxation. It was used to development the construction and building of the temples and Pyramids, to foster diplomacy and trade, and to support the lifestyle of the Egyptian elites (Civilization: Ancient Egypt, 2014). To the east, Nile River flowed into Red seas, allowing the Egyptian access to trade with the eastern and other regions of Africa. The canals connected the Nile River to the Gulf of Suez. This canal was hand built by Egyptian vast amount of slave labor under Ptolemy II Philadelphus and renewed under the Roman Emperor (David, 2003). The Red Sea connects to the Indian Ocean and allowed Egypt to trade with the Far East and other regions of Africa. They were able to trade cattle, grain in exchange for spices, gold and ivory, silk and other exotic goods which gave the Egypt a great deal of influence throughout the modern world (Riggs, 2012). To the north, the Mediterranean Sea was the trade center of the world and allowed Ancient Egyptian trading to flourish. The Mediterranean is surrounded by land masses that allowed the Egyptian to trade with Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and nations such as the Greeks, Romans, and Macedonians. During the Roman Imperial period, the city of Alexandria flourished with its shipping trade from the Mediterranean. Egypt became the bread-basket ofShow MoreRelated1231349 Words   |  5 PagesWith extensive studies, many treatments have been discovered in order to preclude serious intellectual and psychological consequences from occurring on patients with PKU. These treatments are developed from various aspects of the disease including dietary restriction, BH4 cofactor treatment, gene therapy, enzyme therapy, enzyme replacement by transplantation, and large neutral amino acid therapy. Even though, current treatments cannot make PKU become curable, they give doctors ability to well-manageRea d MoreThe Pawn Shop At 123 Main Street Owned1037 Words   |  5 PagesWe were dispatched to a pawn shop located at 123 Main Street owned by Mr. Patty McRob. A female customer named Jessica was upset with a television/vhs set that she was sold on the previous Friday. Patty had a sign up in his store saying no refunds, well Jessica said Patty told her if it was not working and she returned it by Monday she could get refunded. Jessica paid fifty dollars for the television/vhs set. I wrote down in my notebook that it was a business. Since it was a business we were ableRead MoreArticle 123 And 213 Of The Indian Constitution993 Words   |  4 PagesArticle 123 and 213 of the Indian Constitution grant the President and the Governor the ordinance making powers respectively. Ordinarily the Parliament is responsible for the law making process, but the makers of the Constitution though considering Ordinances to be â€Å"a necessary evil†, hold that the Ordinance making power should be delegated to the Executive to deal with such situations when the existing law is not enough to deal with the aroused situation and the Parliament is not in session. ThisRead MoreThe Pawn Shop At 123 Main Street Owned By Mr. Patty1055 Words   |  5 PagesWe were dispatched to a pawn shop at 123 Main Street owned by Mr. Patty McRob. A female customer named Jessica was upset with a television set that she was sold on the previous Friday. Patty had a sign up in his store saying no refunds, well Jessica said Patty told her if it was not working and she returned it by Monday she could get refunded. Jessica paid fifty dollars for the television set. Patty wanted Jessica out of his store. I wrote down in my notebook that it was a business. Since it wasRead MoreThroughout This Internship, Courses Like Coms 123: Writing944 Words   |  4 Pagesinternship, courses like COMS 123: Writing for Public Information, COMS 121: Media Aesthetics, MKTG 125: Advertising, and COMS 187: Issue Management and Case Study PR comprehensively prepared me for what my internship requests of me. I have successfully applied my understanding of writing and creating for the media, but there are more courses that would have greatly benefitted me. Courses that may have been useful to take include JOUR 153: Mass Media Law and Regulation, MKTG 123: Public Relations and EthicsRead MoreVoice Recorder, By Charlie Victor1203 Words   |  5 Pagessensibility in a mid-life crisis and a person’s life at jeopardy. The six transcript samples of previous voice recordings came from various air flights and incidents such as flights American 1572, American Eagle 4184, Aeroperu 603, USAF Yukla 27, Jap an Air 123, and United 232. The film primarily portrays a significant purpose of entertainment and political motives, but also highlights the issue with aviation safety and the usage of air tragedies to depict it along with the considerate lack of communicationRead MoreHuman Factor in Aviation Maintenance1958 Words   |  8 Pagesto complete a job are considered resources that are less tangible. The most important element under resources is to identify the need for additional resources. Accidents linked to maintenance Japan Airlines Flight 123 In August 1985, Japan Airlines flight 123 claimed the lives of 520 people when it crashed into a mountain. It was bound for a short flight from Tokyo to Osaka but at the altitude of 24,000ft, the aircraft suddenly lost control due to the failure of the rear pressure bulkheadRead MorePhysics : Surface Air Missile Strike1476 Words   |  6 Pagesairplane suffered a tailstrike during a landing in Cairo 15 years ago (Ranter, 2001), which supports the possibility of a mechanical and technical failure, not a bomb on board. Advocates of this theory relate to what happened to the Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed into a mountain back in 1985, which was seven years after it suffered a tail strike when landing (Gwyn, 2015). The Japanese airlines flight crashed in a similar fashion to the Russian airplane: it disintegrated in mid-air while climbingRead MoreThe Paper Crane Shop At 123 East Bridge St. Grand Rapids1847 Words   |  8 Pageshandbags and purses, wallets, scarfs, hats, candl es, homemade and personalized gifts, and much more. We would like to gain 80% market share and become a popular shop for local and traveling women in the area. The paper Crane Shop will be located at 123 East Bridge St., Grand Rapids, MI. The Paper Crane has centralized itself in downtown Grand Rapids directly in position to popular dining and shopping attractions. Placing our shop location in a busy tourist and social part of town is critical to ourRead MoreWhy The United States Should Negotiate A Separate Section 123 And 1 Alliance And Hold The Iri1752 Words   |  8 Pagesintroduce all instruments of statecraft to deter Iran from becoming a nuclear weapon state. If the IRI continues to meet its obligations, and prior to the expiration of JCPOA enrichment limitations, the U.S. should attempt to negotiate a separate Section 123 like agreement with the IRI. The proposed bilateral agreement will further restrict any future enrichment activities to levels deemed acceptable by the U.S. As an inducement to ratify the proposed agreement, the U.S. should negotiate an increase of

Vancouver Is Becoming More Urban City - 849 Words

Vancouver is considered as a nicest city to live with a lot supernatural beautiful setting. Living in a nice city requires the price, and Vancouver is also known as the expensive city around the around. There are a lot of young professionals who wants to move to Vancouver due to many opportunities they can earn. In order for a young professional to move, they need to be covered with financial. Because Vancouver is growing rapidly with gentrification leading, the prices are receiving the roof. Vancouver has become a place where a young professional can only dream about living. Furthermore, gentrification is bringing in more rich immigrants who are increasing the rent, and also filling in the spot that can be filled with local people. Vancouver is becoming more urban city; however, the prices for rent, and education is increasing rapidly that is making young professionals harder to move in. Vancouver is well known as the expensive city around the world: The city has just been ranked the third most unaffordable housing market in the entire world (Matheson, 2016). There are a lot of young professionals who wants to move to Vancouver; however, it is too expensive and unaffordable with their jobs. According to Retail Council of Canada, the minimum wage in British Columbia is $10.45. Students who gets paid minimum wage cannot find a place that can match up their financial savings and the house listings. Due to the fact, the cheapest one bedroom condo in Vancouver was listed asShow MoreRelatedThe City Of Vancouver Is World Renowned For Being A Beautiful1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe City of Vancouver is world renowned for being a beautiful yet expensive city for people to work and live in. Despite ranking as the third least affordable housing market in the world, Vancouver is home to Canada’s poorest neighbourhood, the Downtown Eastside (DTES). Due to the high costs of living, the city of Vancouver has a large amount of poverty and homelessness. The DTES has high rates of â€Å"drug use, poverty, crime, infectious disease, and mental illness† (Linden, Mar, Werker, Jang, KrauszRead MoreVancouver Bicycle Rental System Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesdraft outlines my basic blueprint to research bicycle rental system. The research will lead to the recommendation of building a bicycle rental transportation system in Vancouver. Introduction From today to the future year 2030, it is appropriate to estimate that Vancouver population will increase by more than one million. Vancouver public transportation will hardly bear the pressure due to the largely increase in population. Other than population pressure, the public transportation is criticisedRead MoreWhy Are Both Public and Private Interests within Cities Becoming Increasingly Supporting of Creating a Gay Space?1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhy are both public and private interests within cities becoming increasingly supportive of the creation of â€Å"gay space†? Based on the public interest, â€Å"gay space† is important to support creative and high-tech industries. San Francisco, Washington, and San Diego, are all designed as high-tech areas in United States. According to Harvard University economist Edward Glaeser’s statistical analysis, gay workers do a better job than heterosexual (?) individual (Gates Florida, 2002). Thus, creatingRead MoreGreen And Greenwashing And Corporate Social Responsibility2021 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have been used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact pro ve that thisRead MoreGoing Green And Greenwashing And How That Affects Corporate Social Responsibility2051 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have been used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact prove that thisRead MoreImmigration Into Canada4080 Words   |  17 Pagesimmigrants into Vancouver. The stage is set for this discussion by first explaining some background behind Canadian immigration policy and then discussing the history of Chinese immigrants in Vancouver. From these discussions we are informed that Canadian immigration policy was historically ethnocentric and only began to change in the late 1960s. It was at this point that we see a more multicultural group of immigrants into our nation. The history of Chinese immigration in Vancouver, and for that matterRead MoreUrbanization And Happiness In Charles Montgomerys Happy Cities1556 Words   |  7 PagesKulkarni, M.C.R.P. HAPPY CITY, by Charles Montgomery Publication: FSR, New York (2013), 356 pages Book Review, Fall 2017 Urban Economic Spatial patterns The spaces we live in have the power to make or mar our sense of happiness, and staying true to its subtitle, â€Å"Transforming our Lives through Urban Design† is exactly what Charles Montgomery has attempted to convey through his book Happy City. Unlike most books onRead MoreEssay about Environmental Scan742 Words   |  3 Pagessatisfy their wants and desires * Many locations concentrated in big city dwellings * Of the 6 major urban areas in Canada – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Gatineau, Calgary and Edmonton every single one of these demographics has an appropriate saturation of stores to meet supply and demand. In the last few years many suburban areas have developed at rapid paces which has led Tim Horton to strategically place more locations in these areas where once there may have been only one storeRead MoreAn Overview of Urban Regeneration3596 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION 1.0 An Overview of Urban Regeneration According to Withgott and Brennan (2007), people are now live at a turning point. Beginning about the year 2007, for the first time in the human history, more people will live in the urban areas than in rural areas. The development of social diversity is one of the principal objectives of urban regeneration. It aims at attracting new inhabitants in degraded districts but also preventing their inhabitants to leave them as soon as the situationRead MoreThe Skateboarder Ideologies1330 Words   |  5 Pagescommon across skateboarders and is put best in a letter to the editor when a subscriber wrote in to Thrasher magazine The idea that society seemed so structured and almost preordained went against the beliefs of many skaters whom felt like life was more than just â€Å"joining the elites,† but rather to live in a free manner that provides the most self-gratification. Skateboarding proved to be just the activity for many skaters that allowed them the sense of liberty from social shackles while delivering

Reducing Gang Violence free essay sample

Governments, law enforcement, schools and other organizations are developing ways to reduce and prevent gang violence. It is such a controversial issue and people have different means about what the best approach is to reduce and prevent any further affects of gangs. William Triplett wrote a report titled Gang Crisis in May 2004. Triplett writes all about gangs and the best means in confronting the gang violence issue. Traditionally, state and local authorities have dealt with gangs since they were not considered a federal problem. In addition to law enforcement, policymakers have tried a variety of prevention programs, such as midnight basketball, designed to give adolescents socially acceptable alternative activities. Other programs, such as vocational training, have offered at-risk youth the promise of legitimate jobs, since unemployment is a major reason kids join gangs (Triplett 3). These programs could help very slightly but not enough for a significant change to the community. Law enforcement tried to have control and regulate gangs while they spread. We will write a custom essay sample on Reducing Gang Violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As gangs migrated, many police departments set up special gang units. Authorities felt they were keeping pace with the problem until gangs began increasing in the late 1980’s and early 90’s, when insufficient resources prevented police from keeping up (Triplett 3), if the federal government would provide more resources, local law enforcement authorities say they could do more. In the Bermuda Sun, James Whittaker reports that families can stop gang violence. Senior reporter Whittaker says â€Å"the solution to Bermuda’s escalating gang problem lies with the families of the criminals themselves†. This is a home grown problem, a neighborhood problem and a community problem. And fixing the problem lies within us, our families and our children. And so I renew my call to the people of this country to do their part in stamping out the violence and cooperate with the authorities so that we can ensure that our country is preserved for the generations to come (Triplett). Bermuda Gov. Sir Richard Gozney urged the families of gang members to help the police in preventing the violence from escalating. â€Å"We have to urge those people who do have influence over gang members to help, persuade, and use their influence to stop these shooters, somehow they have to get through to them. stated Sir. Gozney. Paul White, a teacher at West Valley Leadership Academy, an alternative school in Los Angeles wrote an article called Communities Must Stand Up to Gang Intimidation. The growing problem of gang violence in Los Angeles is not going to just go away. It’s not going to blow over, quiet down or burn itself out. The ultimate problem is that gang members are willin g to die for the evil values they believe in, and the good guys who oppose them are not (White 1). This isn’t just theory; I speak from experience. I’ve seen firsthand what it will take to win the war on gangs. At WV Leadership Academy gang violence, racial disputes and other crimes are virtually nonexistent. A willingness to do a daily battle with gang members and stand up to their threats, intimidation and physical assaults at personal risk; a willingness to stand up to every single hint of lawless behavior with whatever legally available force of action is necessary and required (White 2). Bootlegging was instrumental in defeating early attempts to regulate the liquor business. In the period of prohibition (1920-1933) bootlegging along with smuggling increased greatly, and by 1930 they were well organized as a large unlawful industry. Certain areas were dominated by gangs that fought to defend or extend their territory. Infamous gangsters such as Al Capone in Chicago and Legs Diamond in New York City were heavily involved in bootlegging. The combination of implantation and violence accompanying this industry became so intolerable that it resulted to be an important factor in the final repeal of prohibition. In a chapter book called Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research it analyzes previous gang prevention programs. The Gang Resistance, Education and Training(GREAT) Program, a school-based program for middle school students, is designed to help them avoid peer pressure to join gangs through cultivation of such life skills as social competence, problem solving, and responsibility. Funded by the National Institute of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the program is a prevention strategy consisting of a series of classroom lessons taught by specially trained law enforcement personnel. In the 4-year follow up analyses GREAT students reported more positive social attitudes than the nonGREAT students. GREAT is intended to provide life skills that empower adolescents to resist peer pressure to join gangs. The GREAT program however, concluded to have inconsistent results therefore, GREAT, in tandem with other programs, may prove to be one piece of a much larger solution. In Boston they formed the Boston Gun Project, which is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence. It is now known as Operation Ceasefire and it’s based on a deterrence strategy, which focuses criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth.

Crystal meth addiction case study Essay Example

Crystal meth addiction case study Essay By the clip you are in simple you already have some cognition on drugs.They affect us in assorted ways, sometimes even personally.For Luke it became a personal issue. At foremost he began populating in the house of a crystal Methedrine nut to research the drug and see first-hand how it affected others. Originally he had no purpose of taking the drug, but after some clip he fell into enticement. Since the house he was populating in was full of crystal Methedrines and crystal Methedrine nuts it’s non surprising that this stoping up go oning. At first he would merely utilize it occasionally/recreationally. He felt that he could carry through more while utilizing it and that non-user were eldritch for non utilizing it. Harmonizing to him it was cheap, it helped him lose weight, and it was truly fun. â€Å"I felt originative, confident and productive.† ( Luke Williams ) We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal meth addiction case study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal meth addiction case study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal meth addiction case study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But after sometime this recreational drug became something he could non populate without. Luke so became an nut and began to see psychotic episodes and aggression. Because of crystal Methedrine he felt that everyone was out to acquire him and wanted to kill him. This is when he realized that he needed to halt. He went to a infirmary, but they offered him reasonably much no aid and were really unsympathetic. The topographic point where he used to populate kicked him out and happening a topographic point to remain became a hard undertaking. He lived with other crystal Methedrine nuts but they began to toss out on him, go forthing him with no pick, but to return place. His parents were really sort and took him in and helped him with his dependence. Learning to get by with the after effects of crystal Methedrine was difficult, but with the aid of his parents he is now populating a normal healthy life style. Although he no longer has that many friends he feels better, because now he doesn ’t have bad influences around him. He realizes how dense he was for taking crystal Methedrine and encourages others to neer seek it ( Williams ) . But where did this drug that destroys so many places and lives come from? This drug is a semisynthetic stimulation that has been around for a long clip. Crystal Methedrine was originally made by the authorities during World War II to assist soldiers remain awake. But after recognizing the after affects it had on the soldiers the authorities decided to censor it. Most of the crystal Methedrine in the United States comes from Mexican ace labs. Although people still do it here in the U.S. it’s normally inside their places. It’s really unsafe to do because of the chemicals involved which are really explosive. Crystal Methedrine comes in clear chunky crystals resembling ice and is most normally smoked. You can place Crystal Meth nuts by certain characteristics/behaviors that they exhibit. One of the first things that you will get down to notice is that they do non care about their personal visual aspect or hygiene. They continually pick at their hair and tegument which doing themselves awful looking sores. And they get hickeies that are difficult to acquire rid of. They are besides more likely to steal to pay for their dependence. Angry effusions and temper swings are really common in crystal Methedrine nuts. Other affects it has on the organic structure is raising the organic structure temperature to an unnatural degree, so high that the user could go through out or even dices. They lose appetite and weight dramatically. Dilated students, rapid oculus motion, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, insecure sex, violent effusions, and jerking are some of the after effects of crystal Methedrine. Users can go paranoid and hear and see things that aren’t really at that place ( hallucina tions ) . ( Ratini ) But why do people take this drug? What makes it so habit-forming? The powerful haste people get from utilizing crystal Methedrine makes a batch of people get aquiline right from the start. When it s used, a chemical called Dopastat ( chemical in the encephalon that inundations parts of it that regulate feelings of pleasance ) . Users besides feel confident and energetic. A user can go addicted rapidly and shortly finds he will make anything to hold the haste once more. As he continues to utilize the drug, he builds up a tolerance. That means he needs higher doses to acquire the same high. The higher the dose of crystal Methedrine, the higher the hazards. How make you acquire clean from such a powerful drug? How do you emancipate yourself from its Fe appreciation? Since most people who try crystal Methedrines are instantly addicted to it, it’s really hard to acquire clean from it. Actually it’s one of the hardest drug dependences to crush. Peoples who are addicted to crystal Methedrines normally can non crush the dependence on their ain and require professional aid. They either need a professional counsellor or drug intervention plan. For the first few hebdomads their organic structures will travel into backdown and they will merely be able to eat and kip because their head and organic structure are excessively tired to make anything else. They will experience anti-social and may hold violent effusions. During the whole backdown your organic structure is shouting for Methedrine. This is the hardest portion of acquiring clean. Then they go through a honeymoon stage where they feel ace confident. Most people have a backsli ding during this minute because of how complete confident they are. Then comes more depression and ennui after this. Finally they move into the accommodation stage where they begin to set to society and life in general. Staying clean is a day-to-day pick so it’s an on-going recovery. But how does this drug impact your religious life? Can you still have a close relationship with God while making Crystal Meth? No, you can’t†¦ Of class the Bible neer straight negotiations about drugs but that’s because they were non around during those yearss. But it does speak about dependences. All of the apostolic exhortations to stay sober-minded and watchful are designed to remind us that we must be argus-eyed against the traps of the Devil who seeks to entrap us through misrepresentation. ( 1 Peter 5:8 ) ( 1 Corinthians 15:34 ; 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8 ; 2 Timothy 4:5 ; 1 Peter 1:13 ; 4:7 ; 5:8 ) All of these texts talk about being sober and how can you make that if you’re so high you don’t even cognize your name? Sobriety is besides of import for supplication ( 1 Peter 4:7 ) . As Christians, our organic structures are non our ain, we have been bought with a monetary value which is the blood of Christ ( 1 Peter 1:17-19 ) ( 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 ) . Having bought us with His ain life if we pollute or harm our organic structures we desecrate the House of God ( 1 Corinthians 3:16-17 ) . So I guess all this answers the inquiry if you can or can’t be high and still see yourself a devoted Christian. In the beginning I mentioned that Luke began to utilize the drug because he was naive of its effects on the human organic structure and what crystal meth really was. After reading all of this information I feel like he would believe twice earlier seeking the drug. Peoples don’t normally think about the effects drugs have on your organic structure and neer halt to see the after effects. But if it is all written out for you and personal testimonies are added so it’s a batch easier to halt and be informed about the drug. This type of information would hold saved Luke from a batch of hurting, adversity, and danger. And all though he wasn’t a Christian, the texts from the Bible can be really helpful to Christian young person who are experimenting with different things. Many people are nescient and believe that merely seeking a drug one time will non impact them subsequently on and that they are merely traveling to make it one time recreationally. Unfortunately this is non the instance 99 % of the clip. Because crystal Methedrine is so strong people get addicted to it the first clip they try it and it is truly difficult to halt the dependence that is why Luke had such a difficult clip. To forestall things like this from go oning we need to talk out against drug maltreatment and inform people on what Crystal Methedrine and drugs in general do to your organic structure. We need to allow them cognize that they take control of your life and leave you worse than you of all time were before. And combating drug dependence is a womb-to-tomb thing because your organic structure will ever hunger the drug. Crystal meth ruins 100s of lives, households, relationships, and places each twelvemonth that is why we must talk out against it now. Luke didn’t have people in his life to inform him, but think about the people you know that are messing around with drugs ; have you taken the clip to inform them? Don’t allow them travel through all the thing s Luke went through. Plants Cited Petit, Aymeric. J Addict Res. Methamphetamine Addiction: A Review of the Literature( 2012 ) : hypertext transfer protocol: //omicsonline.org/methamphetamine-addiction-a-review-of-the-literature-2155-6105.S1-006.php? aid=3893. Ratini, Melinda.crystal meth what should you cognize. 16 september 2014. 6 may 2015. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/crystal-meth-what-you-should_know A ; gt ; . Williams, Luke. life as a chrystal Methedrine nut . The saturday Paper2 8 2014: 2.

The Culture of Voting essays

The Culture of Voting essays "The Culture of Voting" There are a number of different places where people go to vote. The places change from town to town and so do the numbers of places. Where I live everybody goes to vote at the town hall. The town, where I live is small enough that it only needs one voting location. On Tuesday, November 2, the day of the elections, our town hall was very busy. All day it was filled with people who had come to vote. Outside the town hall on the street corners, were a small group of people holding signs that were telling you who to vote for. Everyone could see them standing there as they came to vote. On the front steps where everybody was walking in and out were a few businessmen in their suits standing and talking to each other. While everybody was waiting in line in the entryway, there was a display for them to look at on how to vote correctly on the ballot. In the main room there were five tables set up alphabetically by last name. The town hall is an old building, but the inside was recently restored. The voting space is in the large auditorium a big room with a balcony, a gleaming, polished wooden floor, and a small stage at one end. The recently painted walls shined in the morning sun pouring through the oversized windows. The only decoration on the walls were wooden and brass plaques listing the names of town residents who fought in each war of the past two hundred years. The room smelled of fresh sunshine and new paint. The room temperature was just right not too hot or too cold. The air was filled with the noisy expectation of who would become the next president. Long folding tables were scattered around the room filled with ballots, books and voter registration materials. Four rows of voting booths were set up in the middle of the hall. There were ten booths in each row. Red, white and blue striped curtains provided the brightest colors in the room and provided ...

Running a Small Business in Papua New Guinea Article

Running a Small Business in Papua New Guinea - Article Example In a narrower sense, developing strategies on how to market or launch a small business in Papua New Guinea requires a detailed data in order to come up with a productive plan. Primarily, Papua New Guinea is a country that is rich in natural resources. However, the exploitations have been weighed down by the high cost of industrialization and the system of land title has been vague in which landowners are hard to identify. The basic livelihood of the people in Papua New Guinea is said to be agriculture. Through this, people could take advantage of what available resources are at hand and use it to develop a productive business. Thus, providing a technique and ways on how to market a small business in the country is a good point. Small businesses like an eatery or a small restaurant, a food shop, and the like will then be evaluated on how to effectively market with the consideration of the global financial crisis. As an example, since the country is rich with agricultural products, a small restaurant business will be used in order to show some techniques on how to effectively manage and market its products and services. But generally, the strategies in order to market small businesses can cover almost all the business type and it just depends on how it will be managed. As a small business owner, you should engage in the areas of marketing, customer service, human resource management and of course managing the whole business effectively. Small business financing and strategies on how to expand the business should be considered in order to market your small business in the midst of the global financial crisis. Like how to expand the business through the customers, explaining the importance of the target market, and knowing the grounds for establishing a small business.

Short Response # 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Response # 5 - Essay Example he Lisbon sisters changed in that, they saw the girls as they saw themselves - youths in the process of development with like beliefs, values and behaviors. (124) Secondly, the boys realized that their categorization of the Lisbon sisters was completely inaccurate. â€Å"Who had known they talk so much, held so many opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (124) The boys amended their thinking of them as scared, socially inept, lifeless creatures to confident, socially adept, beautiful and energetic girls. The boys with a note of wonderment announced, â€Å"†¦the girls they had been continuously living, developing in ways we couldn’t imagine, reading every book†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This new information not only increased the boys’ infatuation with the girls but also ignited a higher level of respect for the girls whom they had once only known in their imagination. (124) Further, the boys seemed to notice a difference in the behavior and personality of each girl. Whereas they once thought of them only as an identical unit, they now saw them as individuals. At the dance, the boys’ perspective of the sisters seemed to interchange between identical unit and individual girls. â€Å"The Lisbon girls looked identical again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (132) suggesting that at one point in the dance they had begun to see them as individuals but by the end of the date, they were â€Å"a pack† again, moving together with the sole purpose of finding the missing sister.(132) The boys saw them as inseparable. Bonnie’s reluctance to leave Lux alone even for second, confirmed this new information in their minds. Certainly this view of the girls as an entity was accurate for the girls all died and was buried as a unit. In addition, the Lisbon home appeared to be a place of isolation, rejection and sadness, a place of abnormalities. As the girls moved away from the house they were able to show abandonment of the misguided feelings of abnormality and begin to show their true selves, that is, their ability to enjoy life in spite of struggles.

Portfolio Selection Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Selection Essay The modern theory of portfolio has clearly conceptualized the notion of optimal portfolio. According to this theory the investors always try to achieve the highest possible return from their investment in any asset or portfolio of assets while they want to minimize the associated risks. Actually the theory tells about the rational behavior of the investors who always intend to maximize the return from their investment with an acceptable level of risk. (Financial Concepts: The Optimal Portfolio). In 1952 Harry Markowitz first uses such an approach of optimal portfolio selection. His works has showed us that the investors can invest in different portfolio of assets having varying level of risks and returns. In this case first the investors are required to decide on the risks which they are able to handle and then they should diversify their portfolio based upon their decisions. Such an idea given by Harry Markowitz has brought revolution in the theory of financial economics and modernizes the functionalities of investment practice. All these workings of Harry Markowitz have been recognized by giving him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990. According to the basic principle of the economics, in the facade of trade-offs all the economic decisions are taken since the scarcity of resources is always there. According to Markowitz, the economic behavior of an investor can always be described by the trade-off between the expected return and the associated risk of investment. An investment decision can not merely be explained by the securities which an investor own, rather it is explained by the mechanism of divisions of the wealth of an investor among different securities. Here comes the portfolio selection problem of an investor. In an article published in March 1952 and through all the subsequent workings, Markowitz has established the linier programming method for developing the algorithm of critical line which can be used to identify the possible portfolio of securities that minimize risk when the level of expected return is given and that maximize return when the level of risk is given. Standard deviation of the actual returns from the expected return is used as the measurement of risk. The portfolio graph of standard deviation in relation to the expected return builds the efficient frontier which then can be used as a trade-off between the expected return and the associated risk. This efficient frontier is a replication of all the diversified portfolios as the portfolio diversification is a tool used to reduce risk. The basic meaning of portfolio diversification is very clear. It tells that a rational investor should not invest all his/her money in a single security, rather the investors must diversify his/her money into different portfolio of securities. To select a portfolio of assets, a mean-variance analysis has been developed by Markowitz. For allocation of assets the technique of mean-variance analysis has been highly applied in the theory of investment over the last decade. The allocation of assets is nothing but the selection of portfolio of assets where the investors invest in a collection of securities rather than in an individual security. Portfolio analysis not only requires the formation of expected return and standard deviation of the assets but also the correlation of returns between each pair of assets of a portfolio. (Kaplan, January, 1998). Beta values of shares or beta coeffecients have been used by the investors for measuring the changes in the relative values of a share. When an investor put his/her money into a portfolio of assets, the beta values also help to assess the associated risks of investments. The beta value is calculated with the help of the historical share price of the assets and market index information. We can get an idea about the previous sensitivity of a stock relative to market by analyzing the beta values. (Share Prices Beta Values, 2010). Findings: The theory of portfolio investment tells about the risk aversion characteristics of the investors. The investors are required to be compensated for holding more risky securities so that they take an additional amount of risk. If risk is higher, the potential return is also higher. The compensation provided to the investors for holding risky assets is known as risk premium. The risk premium of each share is different. When an investor invests in a particular share, the expected earnings of the investor from that share may be higher than the overall market if he/she perceives that the share is more risky. Similarly the expected earnings from a share may be lower than the overall market is the investor perceives that the share is less risky in comparison with the market. Actually the relationship between the return expected from a share and the return expected from the overall market is described by the beat values. The standard index of beta is 1. This implies that in a trading day, if there is a 1% increase in the Australian Security exchange (ASX), a share price with a beta of 1. 5 is expected to increase by 1. 5%. Similarly the performance of the share would become worse if the market index falls. Therefore, if the beta of a share is greater than 1, it implies that the share is more risky and high sensitive than the market index. If the beta of a share is less than one, it implies that the share is less risky and less sensitive than the market index. If beta is equal to 1, it implies that the share is following the market index. (WOW Fastrack Investment Group: Current goal a share portfolio worth $150,000, n. d. ). Analysis: In our analysis we have taken ten companies listed on the ASX. We have considered a time period of six years (1999 to 2004). The historical share price of these 10 companies is taken. We take weekly data for our analysis. Beside these 10 companies we have also considered another company ( Westpack Banking)as standard with which we will measure the movement share prices of these 10 companies. The starting date of the data is 4th January 1999 and the end date of the data is 14th June 2004. Since we have considered weekly data as available, to calculate return of each asset, we transformed the returns into the 52 week average value. Finally we take the 6 years average return of those 52 week average value as the asset means of those 10 shares. We have shown this by the table 1 as follows.

Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Essay -- Argum

Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Just how far should advertisers go to sell a product? Individuals are reminded that a new age in advertising has emerged when Britney Spears and Victoria's Secret model Tricia Helfer grace the cover of Forbes, a traditionally mature financial magazine. However, as any good advertiser knows, sex sells; all people need to do is look at a newsstand or magazine rack. But while it sells, it also offends as the promiscuous use of sexual images in advertising rubs many consumers the wrong way. The current increase of sexually explicit advertising, while increasing sales, has many detrimental effects on society. New regulations or other forms of control need to be implemented to protect children and others who are defenseless against the war to win consumers. According to a nationwide poll conducted for Adweek by Alden & Associates of Hermosa Beach, CA, people were asked whether they thought there is too much sexual imagery in advertising. A landslide of 73% said there is, with respondents in the 35-49 ag e bracket more likely to say so as concerned parents (Dolliver, 1). There is a struggle among advertisers on whether to use the sure way to sell the product (through sexual images) or to be true to a sense of morality. More often than not, greed takes o ver and morality is thrown out the window. The problem is that sexual appeal used as a marketing tool seems to be showing up more often with a broader range of products and audiences. All too often sexually explicit ads appear in magazines such as YM, Teen, Self, Glamour, Seventeen, and Cosmopolitan, all of which have a target audience of 11-17 year olds who have not yet developed adequate defenses against sexually expli... ...p 19 March 2001. â€Å"The Joy of Sex.† Adweek 6 March 2000: 22. Online. EBSCOhost: Academic Search FullTEXT Elite. (AN: 2896174) 19 March 2001. Marks, Alexandra. â€Å"A Backlash to Advertising in Age of Anything Goes.† Christian Science Monitor 22 Feb. 1999: 91. Online. EBSCOhost: Academic Search FullTEXT Elite. (AN: 1562687) 19 March 2001. Menzies, David. â€Å"Sex Education 2000.† Profitguide.com Oct 1999. Online. http://profitguide.com/sales/C6-art.asp?ID=143 19 March 2001. Miller, Michael. â€Å"Sex Sells, But It's Rarely Clever Now.† Capital District Business Review 12 June 2000: 27. Online. EBSCOhost: Academic Search FullTEXT Elite. (AN: 3383375). 19 March 2001. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. â€Å"The Impact of Media on Adolescents' Sexual Behavior.† 10 June 1998. Online. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-98-079.html 19 March 2001.

Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (a)

For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Harvard Business School9-700-115 Rev. November 21, 2007 Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) In April, 1986, the upstart Irish airline Ryanair announced that it would soon commence service between Dublin and London. For nearly a year, the new airline had operated a 14-seat turboprop between Waterford, in the southeast of Ireland, and Gatwick Airport on the outskirts of London. The founders of Ryanair, brothers Cathal and Declan Ryan, felt that service on that first route had developed well. They knew, however, that the Dublin-London route would pose new challenges.For the first time, they would face Aer Lingus, British Airways, and other established competitors on a major route. European Aviation The environment in which the Ryan brothers launched their fledgling carrier had long been shaped by Europe’s national governments. 1Privately owned, commercial airlines sprang up in Europe following World War I. Soon, however, the governments of Brita in, France, Germany, and other countries began to amalgamate the first, small airlines into national â€Å"flag carriers. † Each of these airlines literally carried the flag of its nation on the tails of its aircraft.Figuratively also, each airline carried the flag, serving as an international emissary. Predecessors of British Airways, Air France, Lufthansa, and others gradually became owned by, and subsidized by, their national governments. The route structures of British, French, Dutch, and Belgian flag carriers developed to serve the colonial aims of their respective governments. For instance, the aircraft of British Airways’ predecessor, the aptly named Imperial Airways, were familiar sights in India, South Africa, Australia, and other British outposts by the 1930s. Service focused on international routes from each nation’s capital to colonies, other areas of national influence, and the capitals of other European countries. Intra-country service was sparse, largely connecting provincial cities to the capital. Fares on domestic routes were often kept high to subsidize international service. World War II brought advances in aviation that made air travel widely economical for the first time. The aftermath of the war also brought the threat of American dominance in air travel.Had free competition been permitted on international routes, the efficient, privately owned carriers of the United States would likely have won the lion’s share of the market. 3A set of multilateral and bilateral agreements averted this outcome. The International Air Traffic Association (IATA), essentially a government-endorsed cartel of the major airlines, emerged to set international fares. Governments negotiated bilateral agreements that regulated all aspects of air travel between pairs of countries. In Europe, â€Å"pooling arrangements† became common.Under pooling, the routes between, say, France and Italy would be given strictly to Air France and A litalia. The two flag carriers would Professor Jan W. Rivkin prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 2000, 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) pool their capacity an d revenue, then divide the proceeds in an agreed-upon manner.Carriers were banned from flights that did not begin or terminate on their national soil; Air France, for instance, could not fly from Rome to Frankfurt or Milan. Intra-country service was also regulated strictly. To varying degrees, domestic fares were set by government authorities, and entry by new airlines was discouraged. The collapse of European empires and the advent of jets capable of crossing the Atlantic economically led virtually all European flag carriers to refocus their international efforts on routes across the North Atlantic in the late 1950s.Heavy and growing demand for transportation to and from North America made such routes highly profitable, at least initially. Europe’s system of regulation soon came under pressure. A late-1950s attempt to unify the flag carriers of France, West Germany, Belgium, and Italy collapsed under the weight of disparate national interests. By 1960, the Economist magazine bemoaned the state of the heavily regulated, fragmented airline industry. â€Å"The basic trouble,† it concluded, â€Å"remains that the world has too many airlines, most of them inefficient, undercapitalised and unprofitable. 4Though the IATA introduced some forms of restricted, discount fares in the 1950s, consumers grew dissatisfied with high prices. European regulations applied largely to regularly scheduled service between destinations. To bypass these regulations and to tap pent-up demand for leisure travel, charter airlines appeared and grew rapidly during the 1960s. These start-ups, funded in part by shipping companies, offered holiday makers cheap fares on non-scheduled flights and â€Å"inclusive tours† that bundled flights with lodging.Charter holidays proved especially popular among British and Irish vacationers, who used them to escape the North Sea for sunnier climes. By the mid-1980s, charter flights would transport 60% of all European passengers. 5Fla g carriers responded to the independent charter airlines both by establishing new discounts within the IATA structure and by starting charter subsidiaries themselves. The 1970s took airlines around the world into financial straits (Exhibit 1). The introduction of wide-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 747 increased capacity on the North Atlantic route dramatically.The OPEC oil embargo raised the price of jet fuel, and the ensuing recession cut demand for air travel. These events hit Europe’s flag carriers, with their heavily unionized staffs and high fixed costs, especially hard. Exhibit 2 compares the staff productivity of European and U. S. airlines in 1978. In 1978, the U. S. Congress approved the thorough deregulation of the domestic U. S. airline industry. Pricing, route scheduling, entry, and exit were freed up dramatically. Prices plunged rapidly as airlines competed vigorously for marginal customers.Twenty-two new, low-cost carriers entered the market between 1978 an d 1980. 6Most of the new airlines soon failed, however. Established players such as American, United, and Delta used hub-and-spoke route structures and computerized reservation systems to spur a new wave of consolidation. Following consolidation, prices and profitability remained low and unstable. Strong U. S. airlines reached out for new routes into Europe. The U. S. experience brought calls for European deregulation from consumer advocates and supporters of competition.A 1984 memorandum from the European Commission proposed the abolition of pooling arrangements, price fixing, and government subsidies. Trade unions and flag carriers allied to defeat the proposal. In 1986, the Single European Act called for the creation of a unified European market by the end of 1992. The market was intended to â€Å"comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured†¦. †7 Industry observers expected new proposals for the liberalization of the European airline industry to follow.This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 2 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A)700-115 British Aviation and British Airways While Europe as a whole remained dominated by state-owned carriers with government- mandated monopolies or near-monopolies, individual countries moved to liberalize their domestic airline industries and to push for international deregulation on a bilateral basis with individual countries. The United Kingdom was among the most aggressive in doing so. As early as 1971, Britain’s airline regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority, encouraged the establishment of British Caledonian Airways (BCal) as a â€Å"second force† to compete with the dominant, state-owned British Airways (BA). Labor Party governments, however, subsequently protected BA from BCal’s incursions. Though independent airlines such as BCal and British Midland operated in the U. K. during this period, momentum for airline deregulation picked up only after the election of the Conservative, market-minded Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979.An early Thatcher bill required, for the first time, that regulators give the interests of consumers equal weight to the interests of operators when allocating licenses for new routes. A hallmark of Thatcher’s government was the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and a centerpiece of her privatization programme was a proposed flotation of BA on the stock market. The state of BA in 1979, however, precluded a rapid privatization. The cost structure of BA and its predecessors had been high at least since the end ofWorld War II, when the flag carrier was expected to â€Å"find a job for every demobilized member of the [Royal Air Force]. †9In 1977, the U. S. carrier Delta transported 30. 7 million p assengers with 31,000 employees while BA’s staff of 54,300 moved 14. 5 million passengers. 10After thin profits in the late 1970s, BA suffered a loss of UK? 102 million on revenue of UK? 1,760 million in 1981. A new chairman, John King—a self-made millionaire with experience in the ball-bearing industry—was brought in to revive BA and prepare it for privatization.With generous severance packages, King reduced BA’s staff to 38,000 by 1985. Loss-making routes were surrendered to competitors, and maintenance stations and training colleges were shuttered. King soon yielded the reins to Colin Marshall, a former executive of car rental agency Avis, who began to improve customer service. Marshall paid particular attention to satisfying full-fare business customers. By 1984, BA was earning record profits (Exhibit 3), and its privatization was being planned for 1987. Deregulation slowed during the period of BA’s turnaround.A Civil Aviation Authority proposa l to shift some of BA’s routes to BCal, for instance, was defeated in 1984, largely because the Treasury Ministry opposed the plan. In 1986, BA operated one of the world’s most extensive airline route networks, serving 145 destinations in 68 countries. 11No airline carried more international passengers. International journeys accounted for roughly two-thirds of the seats that BA sold and nine-tenths of its revenue. Nearly 80% of passengers passed through London’s main airport at Heathrow, one of the world’s busiest transportation hubs.Plying the network was a fleet of 163 aircraft, ranging from 44-seat turboprops to Boeing 747s with room for nearly 400. Since 1980, BA had invested roughly UK? 700 million to purchase 55 new aircraft, mostly for service within Europe. The company was beginning to upgrade its intercontinental fleet. In the United Kingdom and New York, BA provided its own passenger and ground services (e. g. , for passenger check-in, baggage handling, and aircraft cleaning). Elsewhere, it hired contractors to perform such services.BA catered its own flights from Heathrow, but contracted out all other catering. The company performed most of its own maintenance from a base at Heathrow and had engineering capabilities at three-quarters of the airports it served. BA sold tickets over the telephone and in 171 retail shops worldwide, where agents also sold package vacations. In addition, 49,000 independent travel agents had the ability to book tickets on BA via computerized reservation systems, including BA’s own system. Such agents accounted for 83% of the company’s scheduled passenger revenue.BA pitched its services to a wide range of This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 3 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) business and leisure travelers. Accordingly, i t offered a spectrum of ticket prices with varying restrictions and the full range of classes of service—from first class to economy. Especially among business travelers, BA was known for its improving in-flight amenities. Exhibit 4 shows BA’s revenue and operating cost per scheduled passenger.The 6. 9% operating margin shown there reflects BA’s entire route network. In Europe alone, the carrier earned a 4. 4% margin. Irish Aviation and Aer Lingus As a country with a small population, limited land mass (roughly 250 kilometers across and 400 long), and no colonial possessions, Ireland did not lend itself naturally to commercial aviation. 12 Yet in 1936, a mere 15 years after Ireland’s initial political separation from Britain and 13 years before full independence, government and private interests in Ireland came together to form Aer Lingus, a flag carrier for the emerging state.Government support proved crucial in the airline’s early days. Annual lo sses in the 1930s and 1940s commonly ran between 20% and 100% of revenue. Not until the early 1950s did the airline earn a profit in consecutive years, and then only for a short period. Early on, passenger traffic focused on routes between Ireland and Britain, where a large population of Irish emigrants resided. To develop these routes, the Irish and British governments struck an unusual arrangement in 1946. Through BA’s predecessors, the British government took a 40% stake in Aer Lingus, leaving 60% in the hands of Ireland.Aer Lingus was granted monopoly rights to routes over the Irish Sea. BA’s predecessors gained the valuable right to land at Shannon Airport on Ireland’s west coast, refuel, and continue on across the Atlantic. (Aircraft ranges at the time required such a refueling stop. ) In exchange, Aer Lingus was allowed to land in Manchester, take on passengers, and continue to continental Europe. Such â€Å"onward rights† were rare in Europe and m arked the beginning of relatively liberal bilateral agreements between Britain and Ireland.The British partnership continued for a decade until Aer Lingus’ desire to develop its own trans-Atlantic routes, to reach the large ethnic Irish populations in New York and Boston, created a rift. Amicably, the British government reduced and eventually relinquished its stake in Aer Lingus. The predecessors of BA and independent carriers such as British Midland began to fly routes between Britain and Ireland. Problems on the North Atlantic corridor in the 1970s hit Aer Lingus especially hard. Compared to other carriers on the route, Aer Lingus drew its passengers especially heavily from the ranks of tourists.Tourist passengers actively sought promotional fares, created erratic peaks of seasonal demand, and largely stayed at home during the recession of the mid-1970s. The Irish government insisted that Aer Lingus continue to fly the North Atlantic corridor despite losses on the route. 13 Aer Lingus first published its objectives in 1971 and had, by 1986, reviewed and ratified the statement a number of times. The statement called on Aer Lingus to provide an air transport service that was â€Å"safe, efficient, reliable, and profitable. The airline touted the many benefits it brought to the Irish community: national development, promotion of tourism, employment, a contribution to the balance of payments, and educational, social, and cultural services. 14 Losses in the 1970s prompted Aer Lingus to seek new sources of revenue and profit. â€Å"We perceived that an airline with a limited home market, limited financial resources and a cyclical product would have to diversify,† reflected one of Aer Lingus’ chief executives. 15Aer Lingus began to offer maintenance service and engineer training to other airlines.Successful introduction of its computer reservation system led Aer Lingus to offer computer consulting and data processing services. The company also entered the hotel business in London, Paris, and New England. By 1986, This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 4 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A)700-115 so-called ancillary businesses include hospital management in Baghdad and an investment in robotics. In 1984-85, air transportation, irline-related services such as maintenance, and non-airline businesses provided Aer Lingus operating profits of 0. 5 million Irish pounds (I? ), I? 12. 7 million, and I? 17. 1 million, respectively. 16Within air transportation, Aer Lingus’ domestic and European routes earned a modest operating profit while its trans-Atlantic flights sustained operating losses for the sixth time in seven years. 17During the coming decade, Aer Lingus faced tens of millions of pounds of investment to replace aging jets in its fleet. Government officials were conte mplating the sale of part of the company to finance the capital expenditures.Ryanair Cathal and Declan Ryan had essentially grown up in the airline industry. 18Their father, Tony Ryan, had long worked for Aer Lingus. As the flag carrier’s aircraft leasing manager, the elder Ryan struck innovative deals to lease excess capacity to other airlines. From 1973 to 1975, for instance, he arranged for an Aer Lingus 747 and its Irish crew to ply Air Siam’s route between Bangkok and Los Angeles. 19In 1975, Tony Ryan co-founded Guinness Peat Aviation, which quickly became the largest aircraft leasing company in the world.Tony Ryan’s 10% stake in Guinness Peat Aviation gave him sufficient wealth to invest a million Irish pounds in his sons’ efforts to launch an airline. Both sons were in their 20s when Ryanair initiated service in 1985. At first, Ryanair used a 14-seat turboprop aircraft to run a scheduled service between Waterford in the southeast of Ireland and Gat wick Airport, one of London’s secondary airports. This initial service was intended to prove the company’s ability to operate a scheduled airline successfully. In 1986, Ryanair gained a license to operate between Dublin and Luton, another of London’s secondary airports.Aer Lingus and BA already operated on the Dublin-London route, which was reputed to be quite lucrative for both carriers. Indeed, Aer Lingus’ Chairman noted that â€Å"Dublin-London is the only route on the Aer Lingus network that has the volume of business to allow of itself a reasonable return on capital. †20Aer Lingus’ and BA’s least expensive, unrestricted round-trip fares on the route were priced at I? 208 (equivalent to UK? 189 at the time). Discount fares as low as I? 99 were available, though they had to be booked one month in advance.Observers felt that the figures shown in Exhibit 4 were typical of Aer Lingus’ and BA’s average revenues and costs for a Dublin-London round trip. Ryanair managers believed that the flights of Aer Lingus and BA were typically 60-70% full. According to airport authorities, half a million round-trip passengers flew the route each year. The total number of air passengers on the route had been stagnant for ten years. Roughly three-quarters of a million round-trip travelers opted to use rail and sea ferries rather than aircraft. The journey took nine hours by rail and ferry and one hour by air.Prices of round-trip rail-and-ferry tickets fell as low as I? 55. 21 On their new Dublin-London service, the Ryan brothers intended to run four round trips per day with a 44-seat turboprop. They did not have permission to fly larger jet aircraft on the route, but hoped to get permission soon. Ryanair would offer meals and amenities comparable to what Aer Lingus and British Airways provided. The company would distinguish itself from the flag carriers in two ways. First, its employees would focus intently on deli vering first-rate customer service.Second, the company would charge a simple, single fare for a ticket with no restrictions. In announcing its Dublin-London service, Ryanair publicized a fare of I? 98. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 5 700-115 Exhibit 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Composite Profitability of All Major, Scheduled European Airlines 10 5 0 -5 Introduction of wide-body jets First oil crisis Second oil crisis -10 Introduction of jetsSource: Association of European Airlines, 1994 Yearbook, p. 19. Exhibit 2Staff Productivity of U. S. and European Airlines, 1978 Airline U. S. carriers: American Eastern Pan American TWA United European carriers: Air France Alitalia British Airways KLM Lufthansa Staff 40,134 35,899 26,964 36,549 52,065 32,173 17,040 54,645 17,812 29,400 Passengers per staff memberStaff per aircraft 762158 1,099156 358355 665156 657156 333314 374279 308264 231326 460320 Source: House of Lords Select Committee on European Air Fares, 1981, 185-7, European Air Fares, Air Transport Users Committee, Civil Aviation Authority, 1978.Cited in P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 8. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 6 Profit after interest as a percentage of total costs 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Exhibit 3British Airways Performance, 1977-85 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115 Revenue (mm UK? ) Operating profit before taxes and interest (mm UK? )Passengers (mm) Staff (thousands) Available ton-kilometers (mm) T on-kilometersused(mm) Load* (%) 197719791981 1,073. 91,403. 31,760 95. 876 . 0(102) 14. 515. 817. 0 54. 355. 953. 6 6,2337,1647,930 3,6074,4164,812 586261 19831985 2,0512,905 169292 16. 318. 4 45. 938. 1 7,2087,837 4,4615,267 6267 * Load = portion of available ton-kilometers used, a measure of capacity utilization. Source: British Airways Annual Reports. Cited in P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 2, 74. Exhibit 4British Airways Average Revenue and Cost per Passenger, 1986 UK? Revenue 151. 3 Operating expenses Staff32. 4 Depreciation & amortization7. 8 Fuel & oil28. 9 Engineering and other aircraft costs8. 9 Selling16. 4 Aircraft operating leases3. 1 Landing fees and en route charges10. 6 Handling charges, catering, & other15. 1 Accommodation, ground equipment & other17. 7 Percent of I? Revenue 166. 5100. 0% 35. 721. 4% 8. 65. 1% 31. 819. 1% 9. 85. 9% 18. 010. 8% 3. 42. 0% 11. 77. 0% 16. 610. 0% 19. 511. 7% Subtotal 140. 9 Operating profit10. 411. 4Source: Case writer calculations, based on British Airways Prospectus, February 11, 1987. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 7 155. 193. 1% 6. 9% For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Notes 1 This section draws especially on P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 1-17. 2 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways,† in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 50. 3 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmilla n, 1998), p. 3. 4 â€Å"Unfree as the Air,† The Economist, May 28, 1960. 5 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 7. 6 N. Donohue and P. Ghemawat, â€Å"The U. S. Airline Industry, 1978-1988 (A), HBS Case 390-025. A. P. Dobson, Flying in the Face of Competition (Hants: Avebury Aviation, 1995), p. 192. 8 This section draws especially on P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 50- 86. 9 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 65. 10 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 72-73. 11 The following description of British Airways in 1986 draws on the company’s February 11, 1987, prospectus. 12 This section draws especially on M. O’Riain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986: A Business Monograph, 1987 and B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar: The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986). 13 H. Carnegy, â€Å"Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus,† Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 14 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 15 Extract from M. J.Dargan’s address to the 50th Anniversary Banquet of Aer Lingus in the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, 27 May 1986. Quoted in M. O’Riain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986: A Business Monograph, 1987. 16 H. Carnegy, â€Å"Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus,† Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 17 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 18 This section draws especially on interviews conducted with Ryanair personnel between February 10 and February 17, 2000, including Michael O’Leary, CEO; Declan Ryan, founder; Charlie Clifton, Director of Ground Operations and Inflight; and Kevin Osborne, Director of Purchasing and Administration. 9 B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar: The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp. 203- 206. 20 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 21 J. Fagan, â€Å"Air Price War Hits Sea Route Traffic,† Financial Times, September 24, 1987. H. Carnegy, â€Å"UK-Irish Air Route Challenge,† Financial Times, April 24, 1986. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 8

Police Brutality And Excessive Force - 868 Words

A controversial topic in today’s policing is whether police use reasonable force or excessive force in certain situations. By definition excessive force is any force beyond what’s necessary to arrest a suspect and keep police and bystanders safe. There have been a number of occasions where an officer has crossed the line and went farther then he or she needed to subdue the person getting arrested. With social media and the constant need to record things on camera many of these incidents have gone viral and caught the attention of the public. This can be helpful in certain cases and at the same time recording an officer puts him in a situation where he knows he is being recorded so he has to be mindful of what he says and does. That can cloud his judgement and put the bystanders in danger as well as himself. A lot of people including myself confuse police brutality with excessive force. 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