Are Facial Expressions Universal Essays - 993 Words

It has happened to all of us at some point in our lives. You procrastinated for too long and didnt get time to do an important project. Youve missed a deadline for that newspaper article that was supposed to be on the front page. You forgot your brother’s birthday party. You know that the people that you let down are not going to be happy. They could also possibly be mad. The next time you see them, they don’t immediately call you out on it but you can tell from their faces that they are angry. But how can you tell this? How can you really tell if someone is angry, upset, or happy? The answer is that from a young age, human beings have learned how to tell someone’s emotional being from his or her facial expressions. Now here is the big†¦show more content†¦The idea of facial expressions indicating emotions was first brought up in the 1800s. Charles Darwin, regarded as The Father of the theory of Evolution, theorized that facial expressions were universal . In other words, he felt that people showed their emotion in the same way, regardless of ethnicity or culture. At this time, and for many years after, many psychologists felt like this was not the case and that facial expressions were culture-specific. This, they believed that each culture had its own way of expressing basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust. However, in the 1960s, two psychologists named Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen began to wonder if Darwins theory was indeed correct. These psychologists traveled to Papua, New Guinea to undergo a study with the Fore tribe. This tribe was a pre-literate and isolated culture. The results showed that the six basic emotions (anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, and fearful) were universally recognized by this tribe. The tribe looked at an image of a facial expression and easily determined the emotion being displayed. Ekman believed that facial expressions evolved as a way to shown how someone feels and also indicate future actions. For example, an angry facial expression may indicate that the expresser is going to attack. Still, the question remains whether facial expressions universally show certain emotions and is a highly controversial issue in the field of psychology. There areShow MoreRelatedCulture Reveals A Flexible System For Face Processing Case Study769 Words   |  4 Pagesand eye mapping laboratory, Caldara has concluded that how facial expressions are perceived vary between Eastern and Western cultures despite the universal opinion that facial expressions are homogenous. The numerous studies he has collaborated on suggest that the decoding of emotions depends heavily on the observer’s cultural background. More specifically, when observing a face and attempting to an interpret someone’s facial expression, Westerners’ gazes tend to focus on specific regions, especiallyRead MoreA Foundation For Studying Emotional Psychology972 Words   |  4 Pagesconducted by Crivelli, Jarillo, Russell, Fernà ¡ndez-Dols (2016) is to challenge the authenticity of the universality thesis. Their intention is to question whether facial expressions used to signal different emotions are universally comprehended. Therefore, do all human be ings signal certain emotions with the same, universal, facial expression? The studies conducted regarding the universality thesis were used as a foundation for studying emotional psychology. Making it extremely relevant to question suchRead More Body Language: Cultural or Universal? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesinnate and thus universal. The nature versus nurture dichotomy inherent in this debate is false; one does not preclude the other’s influence. Rather researchers should seek to address the question how much of nonverbal communication is innate and how much is culturally defined? Are there any true universal nonverbal cues or just universal tendencies modified to suit cultural ideals and constraints? It is my proposal that of all forms of nonverbal communication the most universal is the communicationRead MoreEmotion And Emotion Of Non Verbal Communication1642 Words   |  7 PagesAccurately Recognize Emotion in Facial Expressions Non-verbal communication is a subtle but crucial way in which humans communicate their emotions and moods, that may determine certain social interactions or not, depending on how others perceive you. A wealth of research suggests that most humans can decipher between the universal facial expressions and infer emotions through them, which is a critical aspect of our daily lives. This study investigated emotion recognition in facial processing from viewingRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication744 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the areas studied in psychology is the use of Non-Verbal Communication (NVC). According to the Collins dictionary, this is defined as ‘those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve communication, but which may include non-verbal aspects of speech itself (accent, tone of voice, speed of speaking, etc)’. Used daily by humans and animals (Darwin 1972), NVC has a strong link to innate fa ctors, and messages are sent unconsciously to the listener. ThroughRead MoreNonverbal Behavior And Body Language954 Words   |  4 Pagesto many experts in this field, such as James C. McCroskey and Virginia P. Richmond, the authors of Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations, body language makes a huge difference in our daily communication. For example, the way we pose, the expressions on our face, and even the tone of our speech, which are all nonverbal communication methods, change the volume of speech and thus have various impacts on the overall communication. Almost half of our communications involves people’s use of bodyRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagescultures is commonplace, but having the ability to associate nonverbal communication with a specific culture can help one engage in efficient cross-cultural communication. Kinesics refers to the study of body movements such as posture, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact. According to Hall and Knapp, â€Å"microanalytic studies have shown that a person’s body movement is closely synchronized with their speech, a phenomenon often referred to as self-synchrony† (Hall and Knapp, 2013: 208). KinesicsRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication varies based on a person’s cultural background, more so in the individualism-collectivism dimension. Additionally, studies have indicated that intercultural diversities in how verbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to be taught to express their feeling via clear indications, although those fromRead Morenonverbal communication Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesPark. Others may spread the word through ministry, poetry, or sculpting. In general, there are many ways people can communicate with each other. The number one way of communicating is verbal. People might think that nonverbal communication is universal, but it’s not. There are multiple times when people use alternative methods of communication. Most of the time people are communicating when they don’t even know it. For instance, a job interview deals with a lot of communication and differentRead MoreNowadays The Study Of Emotion Is One Of The Most Complex1286 Words   |  6 Pagesadaptive, generating appropriate behaviour to aid survival, as well as universal, cross-cultural and cross- species. This was later proven right by Ekman (1972) proposing six basic, universal emotions: joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. The ability to accurately read the emotional facial expressions of others is fundamental to successful human int eraction. Blair (2003) suggested that emotional facial expressions evolved in order to allow communication via external representation of

The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and...

The Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to its geographical location, Ancient Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of riches, providing the main mode of transportation for trade and travel. This paper will examine Ancient Egypt’s relation with the Nile River and the trade and commerce that secured it as one of the greatest nations in history (Baines, 2002). The Ancient†¦show more content†¦This surplus flowed into the Egyptian economy boosting manufacturing, mining, warfare, and taxation. It was used to development the construction and building of the temples and Pyramids, to foster diplomacy and trade, and to support the lifestyle of the Egyptian elites (Civilization: Ancient Egypt, 2014). To the east, Nile River flowed into Red seas, allowing the Egyptian access to trade with the eastern and other regions of Africa. The canals connected the Nile River to the Gulf of Suez. This canal was hand built by Egyptian vast amount of slave labor under Ptolemy II Philadelphus and renewed under the Roman Emperor (David, 2003). The Red Sea connects to the Indian Ocean and allowed Egypt to trade with the Far East and other regions of Africa. They were able to trade cattle, grain in exchange for spices, gold and ivory, silk and other exotic goods which gave the Egypt a great deal of influence throughout the modern world (Riggs, 2012). To the north, the Mediterranean Sea was the trade center of the world and allowed Ancient Egyptian trading to flourish. The Mediterranean is surrounded by land masses that allowed the Egyptian to trade with Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and nations such as the Greeks, Romans, and Macedonians. During the Roman Imperial period, the city of Alexandria flourished with its shipping trade from the Mediterranean. Egypt became the bread-basket ofShow MoreRelated1231349 Words   |  5 PagesWith extensive studies, many treatments have been discovered in order to preclude serious intellectual and psychological consequences from occurring on patients with PKU. These treatments are developed from various aspects of the disease including dietary restriction, BH4 cofactor treatment, gene therapy, enzyme therapy, enzyme replacement by transplantation, and large neutral amino acid therapy. Even though, current treatments cannot make PKU become curable, they give doctors ability to well-manageRea d MoreThe Pawn Shop At 123 Main Street Owned1037 Words   |  5 PagesWe were dispatched to a pawn shop located at 123 Main Street owned by Mr. Patty McRob. A female customer named Jessica was upset with a television/vhs set that she was sold on the previous Friday. Patty had a sign up in his store saying no refunds, well Jessica said Patty told her if it was not working and she returned it by Monday she could get refunded. Jessica paid fifty dollars for the television/vhs set. I wrote down in my notebook that it was a business. Since it was a business we were ableRead MoreArticle 123 And 213 Of The Indian Constitution993 Words   |  4 PagesArticle 123 and 213 of the Indian Constitution grant the President and the Governor the ordinance making powers respectively. Ordinarily the Parliament is responsible for the law making process, but the makers of the Constitution though considering Ordinances to be â€Å"a necessary evil†, hold that the Ordinance making power should be delegated to the Executive to deal with such situations when the existing law is not enough to deal with the aroused situation and the Parliament is not in session. ThisRead MoreThe Pawn Shop At 123 Main Street Owned By Mr. Patty1055 Words   |  5 PagesWe were dispatched to a pawn shop at 123 Main Street owned by Mr. Patty McRob. A female customer named Jessica was upset with a television set that she was sold on the previous Friday. Patty had a sign up in his store saying no refunds, well Jessica said Patty told her if it was not working and she returned it by Monday she could get refunded. Jessica paid fifty dollars for the television set. Patty wanted Jessica out of his store. I wrote down in my notebook that it was a business. Since it wasRead MoreThroughout This Internship, Courses Like Coms 123: Writing944 Words   |  4 Pagesinternship, courses like COMS 123: Writing for Public Information, COMS 121: Media Aesthetics, MKTG 125: Advertising, and COMS 187: Issue Management and Case Study PR comprehensively prepared me for what my internship requests of me. I have successfully applied my understanding of writing and creating for the media, but there are more courses that would have greatly benefitted me. Courses that may have been useful to take include JOUR 153: Mass Media Law and Regulation, MKTG 123: Public Relations and EthicsRead MoreVoice Recorder, By Charlie Victor1203 Words   |  5 Pagessensibility in a mid-life crisis and a person’s life at jeopardy. The six transcript samples of previous voice recordings came from various air flights and incidents such as flights American 1572, American Eagle 4184, Aeroperu 603, USAF Yukla 27, Jap an Air 123, and United 232. The film primarily portrays a significant purpose of entertainment and political motives, but also highlights the issue with aviation safety and the usage of air tragedies to depict it along with the considerate lack of communicationRead MoreHuman Factor in Aviation Maintenance1958 Words   |  8 Pagesto complete a job are considered resources that are less tangible. The most important element under resources is to identify the need for additional resources. Accidents linked to maintenance Japan Airlines Flight 123 In August 1985, Japan Airlines flight 123 claimed the lives of 520 people when it crashed into a mountain. It was bound for a short flight from Tokyo to Osaka but at the altitude of 24,000ft, the aircraft suddenly lost control due to the failure of the rear pressure bulkheadRead MorePhysics : Surface Air Missile Strike1476 Words   |  6 Pagesairplane suffered a tailstrike during a landing in Cairo 15 years ago (Ranter, 2001), which supports the possibility of a mechanical and technical failure, not a bomb on board. Advocates of this theory relate to what happened to the Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed into a mountain back in 1985, which was seven years after it suffered a tail strike when landing (Gwyn, 2015). The Japanese airlines flight crashed in a similar fashion to the Russian airplane: it disintegrated in mid-air while climbingRead MoreThe Paper Crane Shop At 123 East Bridge St. Grand Rapids1847 Words   |  8 Pageshandbags and purses, wallets, scarfs, hats, candl es, homemade and personalized gifts, and much more. We would like to gain 80% market share and become a popular shop for local and traveling women in the area. The paper Crane Shop will be located at 123 East Bridge St., Grand Rapids, MI. The Paper Crane has centralized itself in downtown Grand Rapids directly in position to popular dining and shopping attractions. Placing our shop location in a busy tourist and social part of town is critical to ourRead MoreWhy The United States Should Negotiate A Separate Section 123 And 1 Alliance And Hold The Iri1752 Words   |  8 Pagesintroduce all instruments of statecraft to deter Iran from becoming a nuclear weapon state. If the IRI continues to meet its obligations, and prior to the expiration of JCPOA enrichment limitations, the U.S. should attempt to negotiate a separate Section 123 like agreement with the IRI. The proposed bilateral agreement will further restrict any future enrichment activities to levels deemed acceptable by the U.S. As an inducement to ratify the proposed agreement, the U.S. should negotiate an increase of

Vancouver Is Becoming More Urban City - 849 Words

Vancouver is considered as a nicest city to live with a lot supernatural beautiful setting. Living in a nice city requires the price, and Vancouver is also known as the expensive city around the around. There are a lot of young professionals who wants to move to Vancouver due to many opportunities they can earn. In order for a young professional to move, they need to be covered with financial. Because Vancouver is growing rapidly with gentrification leading, the prices are receiving the roof. Vancouver has become a place where a young professional can only dream about living. Furthermore, gentrification is bringing in more rich immigrants who are increasing the rent, and also filling in the spot that can be filled with local people. Vancouver is becoming more urban city; however, the prices for rent, and education is increasing rapidly that is making young professionals harder to move in. Vancouver is well known as the expensive city around the world: The city has just been ranked the third most unaffordable housing market in the entire world (Matheson, 2016). There are a lot of young professionals who wants to move to Vancouver; however, it is too expensive and unaffordable with their jobs. According to Retail Council of Canada, the minimum wage in British Columbia is $10.45. Students who gets paid minimum wage cannot find a place that can match up their financial savings and the house listings. Due to the fact, the cheapest one bedroom condo in Vancouver was listed asShow MoreRelatedThe City Of Vancouver Is World Renowned For Being A Beautiful1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe City of Vancouver is world renowned for being a beautiful yet expensive city for people to work and live in. Despite ranking as the third least affordable housing market in the world, Vancouver is home to Canada’s poorest neighbourhood, the Downtown Eastside (DTES). Due to the high costs of living, the city of Vancouver has a large amount of poverty and homelessness. The DTES has high rates of â€Å"drug use, poverty, crime, infectious disease, and mental illness† (Linden, Mar, Werker, Jang, KrauszRead MoreVancouver Bicycle Rental System Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesdraft outlines my basic blueprint to research bicycle rental system. The research will lead to the recommendation of building a bicycle rental transportation system in Vancouver. Introduction From today to the future year 2030, it is appropriate to estimate that Vancouver population will increase by more than one million. Vancouver public transportation will hardly bear the pressure due to the largely increase in population. Other than population pressure, the public transportation is criticisedRead MoreWhy Are Both Public and Private Interests within Cities Becoming Increasingly Supporting of Creating a Gay Space?1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhy are both public and private interests within cities becoming increasingly supportive of the creation of â€Å"gay space†? Based on the public interest, â€Å"gay space† is important to support creative and high-tech industries. San Francisco, Washington, and San Diego, are all designed as high-tech areas in United States. According to Harvard University economist Edward Glaeser’s statistical analysis, gay workers do a better job than heterosexual (?) individual (Gates Florida, 2002). Thus, creatingRead MoreGreen And Greenwashing And Corporate Social Responsibility2021 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have been used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact pro ve that thisRead MoreGoing Green And Greenwashing And How That Affects Corporate Social Responsibility2051 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have been used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact prove that thisRead MoreImmigration Into Canada4080 Words   |  17 Pagesimmigrants into Vancouver. The stage is set for this discussion by first explaining some background behind Canadian immigration policy and then discussing the history of Chinese immigrants in Vancouver. From these discussions we are informed that Canadian immigration policy was historically ethnocentric and only began to change in the late 1960s. It was at this point that we see a more multicultural group of immigrants into our nation. The history of Chinese immigration in Vancouver, and for that matterRead MoreUrbanization And Happiness In Charles Montgomerys Happy Cities1556 Words   |  7 PagesKulkarni, M.C.R.P. HAPPY CITY, by Charles Montgomery Publication: FSR, New York (2013), 356 pages Book Review, Fall 2017 Urban Economic Spatial patterns The spaces we live in have the power to make or mar our sense of happiness, and staying true to its subtitle, â€Å"Transforming our Lives through Urban Design† is exactly what Charles Montgomery has attempted to convey through his book Happy City. Unlike most books onRead MoreEssay about Environmental Scan742 Words   |  3 Pagessatisfy their wants and desires * Many locations concentrated in big city dwellings * Of the 6 major urban areas in Canada – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Gatineau, Calgary and Edmonton every single one of these demographics has an appropriate saturation of stores to meet supply and demand. In the last few years many suburban areas have developed at rapid paces which has led Tim Horton to strategically place more locations in these areas where once there may have been only one storeRead MoreAn Overview of Urban Regeneration3596 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION 1.0 An Overview of Urban Regeneration According to Withgott and Brennan (2007), people are now live at a turning point. Beginning about the year 2007, for the first time in the human history, more people will live in the urban areas than in rural areas. The development of social diversity is one of the principal objectives of urban regeneration. It aims at attracting new inhabitants in degraded districts but also preventing their inhabitants to leave them as soon as the situationRead MoreThe Skateboarder Ideologies1330 Words   |  5 Pagescommon across skateboarders and is put best in a letter to the editor when a subscriber wrote in to Thrasher magazine The idea that society seemed so structured and almost preordained went against the beliefs of many skaters whom felt like life was more than just â€Å"joining the elites,† but rather to live in a free manner that provides the most self-gratification. Skateboarding proved to be just the activity for many skaters that allowed them the sense of liberty from social shackles while delivering

Reducing Gang Violence free essay sample

Governments, law enforcement, schools and other organizations are developing ways to reduce and prevent gang violence. It is such a controversial issue and people have different means about what the best approach is to reduce and prevent any further affects of gangs. William Triplett wrote a report titled Gang Crisis in May 2004. Triplett writes all about gangs and the best means in confronting the gang violence issue. Traditionally, state and local authorities have dealt with gangs since they were not considered a federal problem. In addition to law enforcement, policymakers have tried a variety of prevention programs, such as midnight basketball, designed to give adolescents socially acceptable alternative activities. Other programs, such as vocational training, have offered at-risk youth the promise of legitimate jobs, since unemployment is a major reason kids join gangs (Triplett 3). These programs could help very slightly but not enough for a significant change to the community. Law enforcement tried to have control and regulate gangs while they spread. We will write a custom essay sample on Reducing Gang Violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As gangs migrated, many police departments set up special gang units. Authorities felt they were keeping pace with the problem until gangs began increasing in the late 1980’s and early 90’s, when insufficient resources prevented police from keeping up (Triplett 3), if the federal government would provide more resources, local law enforcement authorities say they could do more. In the Bermuda Sun, James Whittaker reports that families can stop gang violence. Senior reporter Whittaker says â€Å"the solution to Bermuda’s escalating gang problem lies with the families of the criminals themselves†. This is a home grown problem, a neighborhood problem and a community problem. And fixing the problem lies within us, our families and our children. And so I renew my call to the people of this country to do their part in stamping out the violence and cooperate with the authorities so that we can ensure that our country is preserved for the generations to come (Triplett). Bermuda Gov. Sir Richard Gozney urged the families of gang members to help the police in preventing the violence from escalating. â€Å"We have to urge those people who do have influence over gang members to help, persuade, and use their influence to stop these shooters, somehow they have to get through to them. stated Sir. Gozney. Paul White, a teacher at West Valley Leadership Academy, an alternative school in Los Angeles wrote an article called Communities Must Stand Up to Gang Intimidation. The growing problem of gang violence in Los Angeles is not going to just go away. It’s not going to blow over, quiet down or burn itself out. The ultimate problem is that gang members are willin g to die for the evil values they believe in, and the good guys who oppose them are not (White 1). This isn’t just theory; I speak from experience. I’ve seen firsthand what it will take to win the war on gangs. At WV Leadership Academy gang violence, racial disputes and other crimes are virtually nonexistent. A willingness to do a daily battle with gang members and stand up to their threats, intimidation and physical assaults at personal risk; a willingness to stand up to every single hint of lawless behavior with whatever legally available force of action is necessary and required (White 2). Bootlegging was instrumental in defeating early attempts to regulate the liquor business. In the period of prohibition (1920-1933) bootlegging along with smuggling increased greatly, and by 1930 they were well organized as a large unlawful industry. Certain areas were dominated by gangs that fought to defend or extend their territory. Infamous gangsters such as Al Capone in Chicago and Legs Diamond in New York City were heavily involved in bootlegging. The combination of implantation and violence accompanying this industry became so intolerable that it resulted to be an important factor in the final repeal of prohibition. In a chapter book called Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research it analyzes previous gang prevention programs. The Gang Resistance, Education and Training(GREAT) Program, a school-based program for middle school students, is designed to help them avoid peer pressure to join gangs through cultivation of such life skills as social competence, problem solving, and responsibility. Funded by the National Institute of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the program is a prevention strategy consisting of a series of classroom lessons taught by specially trained law enforcement personnel. In the 4-year follow up analyses GREAT students reported more positive social attitudes than the nonGREAT students. GREAT is intended to provide life skills that empower adolescents to resist peer pressure to join gangs. The GREAT program however, concluded to have inconsistent results therefore, GREAT, in tandem with other programs, may prove to be one piece of a much larger solution. In Boston they formed the Boston Gun Project, which is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence. It is now known as Operation Ceasefire and it’s based on a deterrence strategy, which focuses criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth.